My Experiences of April Revolution in Nepal
-Gagan Kr. Thapa
Nepal's formalised struggle for democracy is marked by the revolution of 1950, a political manoeuvre coordinated between the Nepali Congress and King Tribhuvan (an ineffective figurehead) to overthrow the Rana regime, which had monopolised political power since 1846. Multi-party democracy with constitutional monarch was established after the King fled to India for refuge and the Nepali Congress conducted a military assault on the Rana state infrastructure. Many of the participants in this rebellion were students who had been exiled to India in 1947 for participating in the student movement Jayatu Sanskritam ('Victory to Sanskrit'). This student movement was the first recorded organised protests by students against the Rana regime. Since then students have been fighting for the democratic movement in Nepal.
In the post-1990 democratic era, student organisations had a co-dependent relation with the parties. In fact, for the first time in political history, it was possible for one's tenure as a student to be the beginning of a guaranteed political career. But also during this period, the students returned to their campuses. Their movements at this time once again became norm-oriented and they contested issues like tuition increases, facility improvement, and petrol and transportation price decreases. They did not have reasons to fight on the ideological grounds, so they agitated for issues that concerned the student population and general public. The nature of these student movements according to the students' convenient description- that they are social movements that served the larger public good- worked on a number of different levels that benefited both the students and politicians. The process of student movements and the discourse around them were exploited as general categories that attempted to perpetuate public commitment to party ideals regardless of whether the parties were presently following those ideals.
It was not until after 2002 when King Gyanendra interfered in the parliamentary process that the role of student movements returned to a value orientation once again. Their mission was to radicalise the discourse of the political parties' movement against regression by taking the risk to make political demands that their more conservative mother organisations (the political parties) did want to take. The students not only saw this as move against the king's autocratic actions but also as an opportunity to carve a space of political autonomy for themselves. It was at this time I was charged with the act of sedition against state for shouting anti-king slogan. The student movement was so spearheaded that it compelled the centrist party like Nepali Congress to remove the constitutional monarchy from its statue.
Coup d'etat that took place in the 1st February displayed fully in a state of emergency, arrests of party leaders, suspension of fundamental constitutional rights, censorship of media and the return of an absolute monarchy. The political process and activism was in the stagnant phase until the 12 points understanding took place between the Maoists and the political parties thus, making the triangular political conflict a bi-polar. This put the confident among the political activist that together the Maoists and the political parties are in a position to thwart with the monarchy in Nepal. Thus the movement was called by the Seven Party Alliance which was backed-up by the Maoists. This was followed with the intense repression and curfews for almost 19 days which people of Nepal defied and were vowed to overthrow the institution of monarchy once and for all. April revolution came to an end with the King decision of reinstating the dissolved House of Parliament.
I have personally experienced the April revolution as I have been assigned by my party to ignite the movement in the constituency No. 3 in Kathmandu, the capital of Nepal. One day prior to the indefinite strike, I was addressing a corner meeting. We were only twelve participants and I personally thought that this struggle would be another episode for three years long struggle. On the day of the strike, people were scared but we managed to enter the prohibit zone. Two young guys who were just in front of me sustained rubber bullets. But we continued our protest. Second day of the general strike was unbelievable as thousands and thousands of people came to streets completely ignoring the curfew orders, peacefully rallying in different parts of the country. I started to move at time when curfew was lifted for limited time and could see that people were participating more and more. I managed to evade arrest and addressed nine mass meetings in a week's time.
Then government was losing its hope and was applying every possible measure of repression like deployment of excessive forces, brutal tortures and in fact, it was fuelling the movement. The news was coming out from different parts of the country; people were their leaders themselves. They did not have directives from the leaders but even though they participated wholeheartedly. When the "Ring Road Gherao (Circling City)" program was announced by the seven party alliances, million people turned up. I personally walked for almost eight hours which was continued the next day as well. King Gyanendra finally vowed thus reinstating the parliament that was dissolved in 2002.
I went on to different parts of the city even during the time of curfew igniting the mass for the complete revolution. In my experience, April revolution has been fundamentally different to that of the revolution of the past as this movement was spearheaded by the alliance of seven political parties largely supported by the middle class Nepalese and the Maoists largely supported by the rural mass and peasants. This was a unique combination that established the importance of non-violent movement in Nepal. However; the mandate of the April revolution is less likely to be materialised as the political parties are derailing the process of going to the election of constituent assembly election. "Democratic Republic Nepal" was the mandate of the April revolution and if not materialised, Nepal is likely to move forward for the 3rd round of political revolution which would be largely led by the youth of present generation. What I really experienced from this movement is the strength of non-violence, hunger for change of the Nepalese people and finally display of Nepalese character that was ready to give its life to buy liberty.
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